CYBER LAW AND ETHICS

CYBER LAW

INTRODUCTION

       Cyber law may be defined in simple words as the laws or rules framed and adopted by the concerned authority like individual government, organization for safe guarding against the digital crime or any crimes concerned with computer that we performed by people willfully to damage, make loss, steal information.

        Cyber law was introduced in Nepal in 2005 A.D. for stopping computer crime and abuse.

 

ETHICS

         Computer ETHICS are the moral laws according to which one should not do any activates using computer technology by which the other computer technologist may be harmed.

Some Points for Computer Ethics

• Not to look, steal, destroy the personal bank account of customers and not steal their digital signature.

• Not to search, coy, destroy, use file or records of others. And not to steal use password of any one.

• Not to destroy computer secrecy.

• Not to spread virus after developing.

• Not to steal, edit, change the mark ledger of students of institution.

 

CYBER LAW COVERS FOLLOWING RELATING LAWS

• Electronic and digital signature.

• Computer Crime.

• Intellectual Property

• Data Protection and Privacy

• Telecommunicating laws

 

COMPUTER / CYBER CRIME

        Computer/cyber crime is very common in computer society. The hacking of data is more profitable than robbing bank. some destructive brains design computer virus and link to internet for every one access. these viruses damage all file of system of computer.

         Computer/cyber crime are considered as illegal, unethical or unauthorized behavior of people because relating to the automatic processing and transmission of data use of computer system and networks. cyber crimes may be considered as -

• Unlawful access to data in computers (theft of information)

• Unauthorized use of computer services.

• changing and damaging data in computer.

• Possession of device to obtain unauthorized telephone facilities.

• Interference with business by destruction or damage of computer.

• Destruction of private/public document (hacking of websites)

• Unauthorized access with intention to commit offences/computer crimes.

• International access of computer without authorization to obtain financial information.

• transmission of data/program (virus0 to damage programs/computer system/ computer network.

 

IT POLICY IN NEPAL

             IT policy is very important for our country Nepal because it develops gradually the economic condition, political norms and values, economical source and increase the mental power. It changes the lifestyle of people and helps to eradicate the poverty and is the best way to avoid the global degradation in Nepal

 

THE MAIN POLICY OF IT POLICY ARE

• To flow the information after the development of website of all ministries and departments.

• To develop e-commerce.

• To develop e-education

• To develop e-health

 

SOURCE : SOME TEXT BOOK, WEBSTE, YOUTUBE FOR VIDEO LINK

Read more »

HTML

H.T.M.L.

INTRODUCTION

       An HTML (Hyper text Markup Language) document is essentially a text file with special tags to help your web browser display its content. HTML formats text, graphics and structure in individual web pages. web page must use correct syntax in order for web browsers to understand and display them correctly. It supports style sheet, scripting language and server side codes. HTML is a markup language. Some popular markup languages are DHTML, SGML, XHTML, XML etc. 

HTML consists of elements, which are made up of tags, which contain attributes which often have values.

Elements - <P>

Attribute - <PALIGN = "LEFT">

Value - <Image src ="c:\images.gif" border = 0 align = "left">

 

CONTAINER TAG/PAIRED TAGS

         In html, tags that include both and on and an off tags are called container tags. these tags wrap around text in your document and perform some sort of formatting on the text. they hold or contain, the ext between the two tags. The little, HTML, head and body tags are all container tag the relevant text goes between the on and off tangs.

Container tags always have the following form :

<TAG> text being formatted or defined </TAG>

 

EMPTY TAGS/UNPAIRED TAGS

           All other tags in HTML fall into one other category, called empty tags. these tags have only an on tag there are no off tags. the reason for this is that empty tags don't act on blocks of text. Instead, they do something all on their own. an example of this would be the <HR> (horizontal rule> tag. this tag draws a line across the width of your document. For Example :

the following is the horizontal line:

<Hr> the rest of this just  more text

 

PARAGRAPH TAGS

            Paragaraph tags are basically good for keeping form data together in smaller chunks. As always paragraph tagsw will add space on eihter side of the text hthat they enclose. You don't always want to add <HR> tags just because your form needs some white space. for instance, here is a nice, short comment form.

The basic Paragaraph tags : <P>

Attributes : ALIGN = "LEFT/RIGHT/CENTER"

E.G. <P ALIGN ="LEFT"> ................</P>

 

PREFORMATTED PARAGRAPH TAGS

           The <PRE> (Preformatted text) tag is designed to allow you to keep the exact spacing and returns that you have put between the on and off tags. the basic reasoning behind this tags is the notion that every once is a while you would like your text to stay exactly and you put it for instance, in a mathematical formula, or if you create a table. While there are other ways to do both tables and math, they don't fall under the HTML 2.0 standard. On top of that, you can use M<PRE> of a number of other reasons : lists, lining up decimal for dollar figures and every poetry.

Tag : <PRE>

Attributes : ALIGN ="LEFT/RIGHT/CENTER"

e.g. <PRE> ........... </PRE>

SOURCE : SOME TEXT BOOK, WEBSTE, YOUTUBE FOR VIDEO LINK

Read more »

MS ACCESS - SHORTS QUESTIONS & ANSWER

Qustions:  The content and application of the Search tool CANNOT be retained when you ______.  

Answer : close an object

Qustions: The Search tool CANNOT be used on which major Access object?

Answer : Reports
Qustions: In a table, ______(s) are displayed in the order in which they were entered.

Answer : record

Qustions:  The ______ is a wild card that represents one or more characters.

Answer : asterisk
Qustions: Which is not an option for Filter on a text field?

Answer : Between
Qustions:  The Search tool is best used when searching for ______ data.

 Answer :simple
Qustions:  Which of the following Find and Replace dialog box options finds records in which the beginning of a field matches the Find What entry?

Answer : Match: Start of Field
Qustions:  Which of the following functions CANNOT be used in the Totals row?

Answer :Round

Qustions: Before printing a datasheet, you can use ____ to determine whether to change the page orientation from portrait to vertical orientation.

Answer : Print Preview

Qustions: What is the keyboard shortcut to move to the last records in a table?

Answer :[Ctrl]+[End]

Qustions: A ____ is a major database object used to display information in an attractive, easy-to-read screen format.

Answer : form
Qustions:  Print options can be changed in the Print ____.

Answer :dialog box

Qustions:  Which major database object stores all data?

Answer :Table

Qustions:  The insertion point looks like a(n) ____.

Answer : I-beam

Qustions:  Access file operations can be found by clicking the ____.

Answer :Office Button
Qustions:  A ____ is a major database object used to display information in a printable page format.

 Answer :report

Qustions: In Datasheet View, new records are added to a table ____.

Answer : at the end of the table
Qustions: What happens when a user selects a record in a form and presses [Delete]?

Answer : The record is deleted in the form and from its source table.
Qustions:  Which of the following CANNOT be done to data using a Form?

Answer : Store
Qustions: What is one of the advantages for using a form over other Access objects?

Answer : Utilizes field placement to improve the efficiency of data entry.
Qustions:  Which of the following methods CANNOT be used to copy a block of text from one part of a table to another?

Answer :Press [Ctrl]+[+] and [Ctrl]+[-].
Qustions: A(n) ____ in the Record Selector indicates a new record.

Answer : asterisk
Qustions: All attachment fields display as a(n) ____ in Datasheet View.

Answer : paperclip

Qustions: Which of the following methods CANNOT be used to delete records from a table?

Answer : Pressing [Ctrl]+[\’]
Qustions:  Where can you find the undo command in Access?

Answer : Quick Access toolbar

Qustions: An application that executes on separate PCs like this is called a(n) __________ application.

Answer : distributed
Qustions: The most popular commercial DBMS.

Answer : Oracle

Qustions: The ability of a database to grow as the data tracking needs grow is its __________.

Answer :  scalability
Qustions: The most open source DBMS.

Answer : MySQL
Qustions: A DBMS that runs on many different operating systems is said to be __________.

Answer : platform independent
Qustions: Search engines use a(n) __________ to automatically index sites.

Answer :  enterprise
Qustions: The __________ performs document tracking.

Answer : EDM software

Qustions: An enterprise solution with data storage, a client interface and a security system is a(n) __________ system.

Answer : 3-tier
Qustions:  __________ is the clear leader for personal databases.

 MySQL

Qustions: The __________ is the software tool to store or access data.

Answer : DBMS
Qustions:  __________ are documents that when filled in create records.

Answer :  Forms
Qustions: This database has only one table.

Answer : flat-file
Qustions: The __________ field is used to hold a yes or no answer.

Answer : logical

Qustions: To delete records or perform calculations on a table, the best tool to use is a __________.

Answer : query
Qustions:  __________ is used to build ‘intuitive’ queries.

Answer :  QBE
Qustions:  To print information from a table, the __________ tool is the best choice.

Answer : report
Qustions: To store your picture in a database requires a(n) __________ field.

Answer : BLOB
Qustions: The __________ is used to access one record at a time.

Answer :  form
Qustions: SQL stands for __________.

Answer : Structured Query Language
Qustions:  Which of the following creates a drop down list of values to choose from?

Answer : Lookup wizard

Qustions: The command center of access file that appears when you create or open the MS Access database file.

Answer :  Database window
Qustions:  In a database table, the category of information is called __________

Answer : Field
Qustions: It is an association established between common

Answer : Relationship

Read more »

PARTS OF COMPUTER

ABOUT COMPUTER PARTS

MICR :

        MICR is an input device, which reads the characters printed using magnetic ink. Magnetic ink is a special type of ink containing iron oxide particles, which is used to write characters. MICRs are mostly used in banks for processing cheque. MICR reads the cheque by first magnetizing the magnetic characters printed on the cheque and then sensing the signal induced by each passing character under a reading head.

 

LASER PRINTER :

           Laser printer uses a laser beam to produce and image on a drum, coated with photosensitive material. with this, certain parts of the drum surface get electrically changed and special ink (ink + developer) is sprinkled on the drum which sticks electrostatically to the charge area of the drum, forming the image. As the drum rotates the image is transferred onto the paper through a combination of heat and pressure (ie developer dry out and only ink remains there)

           Print resolution ranges from 300 to 2400 dpi. So, laser printer produces extremely high quality text and graphics (including colors). they are expensive that other printers. the speed of laser printers can be up to 10-15 pages per minute.

 

SCANNER

            Scanner is an input device that can be read text or illustration printed on paper and translates the information into a form that the computer can use. the resulting image (text or illustration) can be stored in a as bitmap or JPG (junction Photographic (Export) group), displayed on a screen, and manipulated by programs. User cannot directly edit text that has been scanned.

 

JOYSTICK

               Joystick is also pointing device. It is used to move the cursor on a CRT screen. a joystick is a stick which has spherical ball at it's  lower end as well as upper end. the lower spherical ball moves in socket. the joystick can be moved right or left, forward or backward. the electronic circuitry inside the joystick detects and measures the displacement of the joystick from it's central position; the information is sent to the processor. The joystick is used in playing games.

 

MODEM

                MODEM (modulation-demodulation) is a device that allows a computer to transmit information over a telephone line. the modem translates between digital signal that the computer uses, and analog signals suitable for transmission over telephone lines. when transmitting the modem modulates the digital data onto a carrier signals on telephone line. when receiving the modem performs the reverse process and demodulates the data from carrier signal. It is mostly use in telecommunication/internet browsing.

 

TOUCH SCREEN

                 Touch Screen enable he user to select and option by pressing a specific part of the screen with finger. a matrix of beams covers the screen in the horizontal and vertical dimension. If the beams are interrupted by a finger then the position is determined by the interrupted beams. Touch screens are commonly used as tourist information terminals or shopping guides.

 

TRACKBALL

                Trackballs is a pointing device that uses a ball to control cursor movement. the trackball is held stationary and the ball is manually rotated by hand in any direction. It does not require more space to use it. It is mostly used in portable computers.

 

DIGITAL CAMERA

               Digital Camera is a portable handheld devices that capture images. the digital camera digitizes the image, compress it, and store it on a special memory card. the user can then copy information to a Pc, where images can be edited copied, printed, embedded in a document or transmitted to another user. Moving digital images from a digital camera to a computer is a simple process that uses standard cables, disk or even infrared networking capabilities. digital comers have become standard equipment for designers of all kinds.

 

PEN DRIVE

          Pen Drive/Flash drive is the smallest device that can be used for storing data backup and file transfer etc. You have simply to plug your device into the USB 2.0 port of your computer and use it as well. they are portable and reliable. Usually very small you could put them into your pocket and taken with you anywhere you go. Beside you'll find sufficient memory for storing many computer programs, books, songs, texts etc. Generally flash drives are cheaper but the more capacity flash drive is more expensive.

             The main advantage of flash drives is that they are not liable to scratching or erasing by magnets. You also have to make sure that the drive is write protect in order to prevent random erasures. If privacy is important, the drive should be able to be password protected.

             The different size of flash drive are available in the market like 128 MB to 32 G.B. and more etc.

 

EXPANSION SLOTS

             A slot or expansion slot is an engineered technique for adding new capabilities to the computer. Most of computers except portable contain slots for adding more memory, sound card graphics capabilities and support for special device. Nearly all the computers come with a collection of expansion slots. Actually they help to add new hardware capabilities in the future.

Expansion slots for PCs come into two sizes.

• Half size : Half size slots transfer 8 bit of data at a time, so it is call 8 bit slot.

• full size : full size lusts transfer 16 bit data so it call 16 bit slots.

 

MOUSE

                A mouse is a pointing devise which is held in one had and moves across a flat surface. A mouse may have two or more buttons on the top and a ball at the bottom which rolls on a flat surface. the movement and directing of movement of mouse is detected by two rotating wheels on underside of the mouse. Each wheel is connected to shaft encoder which emits electrical pulses for every intermental movement of wheel.

                When a user moves the mouse across a flat surface, the cursor on CRT screen also moves in the direction of mouse's movement. We can select menu, draw picture, edit text etc by pressing the mouse bottom.

They are

• Mechanical Mouse : It has a rubber o metal ball on it's underside able that can roll in all directions.

• Opto mechanical Mouse : It uses optical sensor to detect motion of ball.

• Optical Mouse : It uses a laser to detect mouse's movement.

• Wireless Mouse : It contains transmitter to send information to a receive itself connected to the computer. The wireless mouse is usable from 2m to 10m of the computer.

SOURCE : SOME TEXT BOOK, WEBSTE, YOUTUBE FOR VIDEO LINK

Read more »

COMPUTER ON THE BASIS OF OPERATION/WORK

COMPUTER ON THE BASIS OF OPERATION/WORK

ANALOG COMPUTER

       Analog computer is one which is designed to work on numerical data represented by physical quantity (i.e. rotation or displacement), electrical charge (voltage and charge), temperature, weight etc which varies continuously. It is single problem oriented machine, offer low cost and ease in programming. Mathematical principles applied for data processing in analog computer are logarithm, summation, exponentiation, calculus, multiplication and division etc.

      The main dis-advantage of his computer is it's low accuracy and limited storage capacity. It lacks speed of calculation. Examples TDC mark III, Polyphemus, GEDAA, ANACOM etc. Example of analog device is speedometer of an automobile. they are mostly used in engineering and scientific applications.

• Thermometer represent temperature in terms of a thread of mercury.

• the speed a car can be represented by the rotation of wheels.

• the analog computer is used in hospitals to measure the size of stone in kidney and mental diseases diagnostics (CT Scan) with photographs.  

 

DIGITAL COMPUTER

     Digital Computer is a computer which stores data in terms of digits (number) and proceeds in discrete form from one state to another. In digital computers even letters, words and whole texts are represented digitally. the main advantage of digital computer is that any desired level of accuracy can be achieved by considering as many places of decimal as its is necessary. digital computers are mostly used in the preparation of reports, results, tabulation and graphic representations. thus they help in mathematics, engineering, business, accounting etc. so they are versatile in nature. Most of the computer used in Nepal are digital. Examples of digital devices are calculators, digital watches, and digital thermometer etc. Example of digital computer re IBM PC, IBM compatible etc.

     Digital computers can be categorized into two categories.

1. General Purpose Digital computer :

        It is the one that can work on different types of programs input to it and thus be used in countless application. i.e., these computers are designed to d wide range of information processing task, from scientific to commercial file processing. It can be used to prepare sales report, banking system, payroll etc.

 

2. Special Purpose Digital Computer :

          They are designed to perform a specific task. the program to carry out the task are permanently stored in the computer memory. these types of computer work efficiently but such computers are not versatile.

 

HYBRID COMPUTER

            Hybrid computer is a data processing device which combines the best feature of both analog and digital computer. the digital component normally serve as the controller and provides digital operation while the analog component normally serves as a solver of equations. It helps user to process both continues and discrete data. these machines are generally used in airplanes, scientific applications. Industrial control processes. for example , A computer used in a hospital intensive care unit, and analog device may measure a patients heart functioning or temperature and digital section record and print out in number.

SOURCE : SOME TEXT BOOK, WEBSTE, YOUTUBE FOR VIDEO LINK

Read more »

About Computer and Computer field

Computer

Parts of Computer Monitor Modem CPU DVD/CD rom Drive Speaker Printer Keyboard Mouse Head-Phone USB port Mother Board Hard disk Floppy disk Drive Pen Drive Web Cam          These device are divided into three types Input device, Output Device and Central Processing Unit.   INPUT DEVICE       Input device send commands to the CPU through the input device like keyboard, mouse etc. Keyboard Mouse Web Cam Speaker   OUTPUT DEVICE      Output device display the result through output device like monitor and printer after getting command and instruction though CPU. Printer Monitor Speaker Projector Head set CPU        It is the Center Processing Unit. It is the heart of the Computer. CPU is attached to the Mother board of Computer. and other peripheral also connect with Mother Board. Cpu is divided into three parts they are - 1) MU (Memory Unit) -       Ram and Rom are Memory Unit, The function of Memory unit is to saves data temporary and Permanently.   2) CU (Control Unit) -      Control Unit control the command and instruction through the input device and give output according to the command to printer and monitor.   3) ALU (Arithmetic and Logical Unit)       ALU unit works arithmetic +, -, ÷, × etc and logical =, <= >=< work into the computer.   Characteristics of Computer : Accuracy Speed Automatic Versatile Diligent Storage - Capacity of storage units are measures as following- 1 bit = 0.125 bytes 1 nibble = 0.5 bytes 2 nibble = 1 bytes 1 bytes = 1 alphabet or number 1 bytes = 8 bits 1024 alphabet or number without space = 1 kb   Application of Computer Education Banking Hotel Airlines Security Health Tele communication Industry etc

SOURCE : SOME TEXT BOOK, WEBSTE, YOUTUBE FOR VIDEO LINK

Read more »

History : Generation of Computer

Generation of Computer

First Generation Computer (1942-1955) - Vacuum tubes          The computer using vacuum tubes as the electronic devices are called first generation computer. Vacuum tubes were developed by Lee deforest in 1908s.          The vacuum tubes were used as CPU components; acoustic delay for main memory, magnetic tape and magnetic drum for secondary memory. data and instructions were fed into the system using punched cards. the instructions were written in Machine level Language (MLL) because high level languages were introduced later.           First generation computers were mainly used for scientific computations. Examples : ENIAC, EDSAC, EDVAC, UNIVAC-I, IBM 701, IBM 700 series. THE MAIN FEATURES OF FIRST GENERATION COMPUTER ARE: These computers were the fastest of their time. They were programmed using machine language. The electronic digital computers were introduced due to the vacuum tube technology. They were extremely large and occupied a very large space. The operating speed was measured in milliseconds. Second Generation Computer (1955-1965) - Transistor      Second Generation computer started after the invention of transistors by Trio group (John Braden, william Shockley and Walter Brattain) in 1947 at bell laboratories in U.S.      Transistor were used as CPU component; magnetic core for main memory. Magnetic drum, Magnetic tape and magnetic disk were secondary storage media used in second generation. Punched card were still popular and widely used for preparing programs and data to be fed to these computers.      The first generation computers were mainly used for scientific computations, but second generating computer were used in payroll, inventory control, marketing and production planning. Example : IBM 7090, IBM 7094I, IBM 7094II, CDC 1604, IBM 1620, IBM 1401 THE MAIN FEATURES OF SECOND GENERATION COMPUTER ARE: They required less electricity and emitted less heat. They were smaller than first generation computer, requiring smaller space. They were more reliable and accurate than the first generation computer. They had faster and larger primary and secondary storage in comparison to the first generations computer. They were much easier to program and use than first generation computer. Hence they had wider commercial use. Assembly language and high level programming language like FORTAN, COBOL were introduced.   Third Generation Computer (1965-1975) - Integrated Circuit (IC)         The third generation computers replaced transistors with 'Integrated circuits (IC) popularly knows as chips. IC was developed by Jack St clair Kilby and roberrt Noyce in 1958.         ICs, ie. SSI (Small scale integration) and MSI (Medium scale integration) were used for CPU components in the beginning of third generation computer uses magnetic core for main memory but later on semiconductor memories were used. Magnetic disk and Magnetic tape were used as secondary memory. Cache memory was also introduced Multiprocessing, multi pgrogramming, multi user system were introduced. the concept of virtual memory was also introduced, Keyboard and Video display terminals were introduced for input and the output data.        FORTRAN and  COBAL were standardized by ANSI and were referred to as ANSI FORTRAN AND ANSI COBAL and time sharing operating system used PL/1, PASCAL, BASIC were notable high level language of the third generating . They used both scientific and commercial applications. THE MAIN FEATURES OF THIRD GENERATION COMPUTER ARE: They were much smaller than second generation computer so it requires smaller space. they had faster primary and auxiliary memory as compared to second generation computers. they consumed much less power than second generation computers. the operating speed of computer was nanoseconds. they were reliable, better performance and has larger storage capacity. the size of computer became much smaller.   Forth Generation Computer (1975-1975) - (LSI) & (VLSI)       The forth generation of computer used LSI (Large scale integration) and VLSI (very large scale integration) circuits for internal operations.        A signals silicon chip of LSI or VLSI has thousands of ICs built on it. this chip reduced the physical size of the computer and increased their power, efficiency and reliability. The speed of operation is measured in Pico second. because of the VLSI technology, ti becomes possible to build many computing function on a single chip.        The microprocessor, which is the main component of fourth generation computer is semiconductor device consisting of electronic logic circuits manufactured by using VLSI technique. then in 1971, American Intel corporation developed first microprocessor (microchip) called 4004 microprocessor. today such a microprocessor contains millions of transistors. It is capable of performing various computing functions and making decisions to change the sequence of program execution. Since 1973, many American companies started to manufacture microcomputers. for examples IBM PC, Apple/Macintosh, Wang Laser, Letron etc. ICL 2950/10 (international computer limited company) was brought in Nepal for census 2038 B.S.          The semiconductor memories (Ram and Rom) are used as primary storage and magnetic disk (floppy disk, hard disk), optical disk (CD-ROM, CD RW, CD-R, CD-R/W) as flash memory and used as secondary storage.           The forth generating computers are user friendly due to development of operating system and application software. As smaller computers but more powerful, they could be linked together, or network, to share memory space, software, information and communicate with each other. So, these computers are mostly used in offices, home, teaching and other organization. Fifth Generation Computer (Coming Generation) - (ULSI) Ultra large Scale Integration.           The fifth generation computers under development stage. they will use super conductor technology. the two future devices are Gallium Arsenide (GaAs) and bio-chips. theses machines incorporated ultra large scale integration (ULSI) and contains millions of components into a single IC. the development of super conductors was declared by Jan in 1978. they will increase the capacity of computer with millions of times.          The computers using bio-chips will be able to understand natural language, speak command, capacity to see their surrounding and will have thinking power called Artificial intelligence (AI). In contrast to present DIPS (data information processing system) the fifth generation computer will have KIPS (Knowledge information processing system) and Prolog is expected to play and important role for this. the computers will understand natural languages and transited foreign language also. there are different programs under way to develop fifth generation computer. ICOT program in Japan. MCC and DARPA project of USA. Alvey project of UK THE MAIN FEATURES OF FIFTH GENERATION COMPUTER ARE: The development of the fifth generation of computer system is characterized mainly by the acceptable of parallel processing. These computers will use super conductor technology. the tow future devices are Gallium Arsenide and biochips. These Machines will incorporate Ultra Large Scale Integrating (ULSI) The cost of hardware and software will decrease. These computers will have artificial intelligence.

SOURCE : SOME TEXT BOOK, WEBSTE, YOUTUBE FOR VIDEO LINK

Read more »